( முழுமையான தகவல்கள் (இதில் பதிய இயலவில்லை) பெற இவ் வலைப்பூவில்
இடது பக்கம் உள்ள தேசிய குழந்தைகள் அறிவியல் மாநாடு தகவல்கள் என்னும்
இணைப்பை சொடுக்கி தகவிறக்கம் செய்துக்கொள்ளவும்)
Identify any one of
the sources already identified and try to bring out some way to establish
possible uses or enhancing effectiveness of optimal use through an experiment
and observation based on a functional model/ field base experiment
-observation.
Solar Photovoltaic Energy Systems
-----
Any living
organism relies on an external source of energy—radiation from the Sun in the
case of green plants; chemical energy in some form in the case of animals—to be
able to grow and reproduce. Energy from Sun which is stored by the plants in
its body parts passes through a series of consumers. The mechanism made to
facilitate this energy transfer is the basis of wonder what we call as life on
earth. The energy flow in each of the ecosystem depends up on the complexity of
the food chain and food web of the ecosystem.
------
2.0. Focal theme and Sub-theme
2.1.
Focal theme: “Energy: Explore, Harness and Conserve”
Energy
is considered as crucial input parameters for our day to day work and for
economic development of any country. Per
capita energy consumption is one of the key deciding factors of the level of
well-being of any society or for any country. It is also referred through the
relationship between economic growths with energy consumption.
In
reality economic development of every region or country largely depends on how
its energy requirements are satisfied. Every production process has certain
amount of energy requirement. Hence, availability of quality energy sources is
crucial for overall scientific and technological progress of any country.
Energy
is central to sustainable development and poverty reduction efforts. It affects
all aspects of development -- social, economic, and environmental -- including
livelihoods, access to water, agricultural productivity, health, population
levels, education, and gender-related issues. None of the Millennium Development
Goals (MDGs) can be met without major improvement in the quality and quantity
of energy services in developing countries.
The issues of energy always linked with its
sources. Sources nowadays categorized as Non-renewable and renewable with large
frame of its coverage (fig.1)
-----
Such
sources are used in multiple level and areas, which in reality activated the
entire processes of economy (fig.2)
--------------
Here,
energy is mainly used in domestic, agriculture, industry, transport and
communication sectors and they are interlinked. On the other hand, all these
energy applications basically provide energy services.
-------
Such
processes are basically effective in a way where energy is input to the
technology which produce services as outputs ( fig.3). So, efficiency of the
technology in use and its purposes to produce services are important issues
which determine the situation of energy sufficiency considerably. In these
perspectives, to achieve energy sufficiency and efficiency for suitability each
one are interlinked through proper value setting, management principles,
technological efficiency with policy measures (fig.4).
-----
In the above perspectives Sustainable energy
issues are reflected as follows:
Sustainable energy is the sustainable provision of energy that meets
the needs of the present without compromising with the ability of future
generations to meet their needs. Technologies that promote sustainable energy
include renewable energy sources, such as hydroelectricity,
solar
energy, wind energy, wave power, geothermal energy, and tidal power,
and also technologies designed to improve energy efficiency .
(http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/ourwork/environmentandenergy/focus_areas/sustainable-energy.html).
Energy efficiency and renewable energy are said to be the twin pillars of sustainable
energy. Some ways in which sustainable energy has been defined are:
- "Effectively,
the provision of energy is that it meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Sustainable Energy has two key components: renewable energy and
energy
efficiency."
- "Dynamic
harmony between equitable availability of energy-intensive goods and
services to all people and the preservation of the earth for future
generations." And, "the solution will lie in finding sustainable
energy sources and more efficient means of converting and utilizing
energy."
- "Any
energy generation, efficiency & conservation source where: Resources
are available to enable massive scaling to become a significant portion of
energy generation in long term.
- "Energy which is replenish within a human
lifetime and causes no long-term damage to the environment.".
- Energy
efficiency remains a cost effective way of improving the environmental impact
of energy use, increasing security, improving competitiveness and
providing affordable services. ("The
Twin Pillars of Sustainable Energy: Synergies between Energy Efficiency
and Renewable Energy Technology and Policy". www.aceee.org.)
Energy
sufficiency is
some time considered as normative concept to make differences between need and
greed and prefer for the best. However, the growing concern
for climate change and energy security now means that energy sufficiency as
something that warrants serious consideration. It looks beyond technical energy
efficiency measures and address the challenging issue of curbing consumer
demand for energy services in an ethically acceptable fashion. It also implies
a need to recognize limits and to establish acceptable minimum standards for
energy services. (Derby
From
the aforesaid discussion it is clear that to achieve energy efficiency and
sufficiency we have go for an integrated approach, where Public understanding,
initiatives for research and development followed by man power development to
meet the requirement of energy sectors and policy measures may play a critical
role ( Fig.5).
-----
With reference to the above
discussion and taking consideration of our required initiatives in this era of
global climate change challenges, efficient energy use and replacement of
carbon based fuel with non-carbon based fuel are the key areas by which we can
reduce our carbon foot print to a large extent and undertake some pragmatic
measures for mitigation and adaptation of climate change. It is noteworthy that
awareness and understanding in such areas in many cases encourage us for taking
self initiatives for conservation, rational uses and strategies for enhancing
efficiency. Therefore, “Energy: Explore,
Harness and Conserve!” has been proposed as the focal theme for the CSC
of 2012 and 2013, with an expectation
that young mind will be able to realize the need, take different initiatives to
explore and identify the energy
resources and find ways to harness it, identify approaches to achieve optimum
use through enhancing energy efficiency and energy conservation along with
creating awareness among the masses through their project works.
2.2.
Sub-themes:
2.2.1.
Energy
Resources:
Energy
inputs are the critical components of national economic activity of our
country, which contributes in increasing the gross domestic product (GDP) at an
average annual rate of over 7% since 2004. However, it is believed by all
concerned around the world that the conventional sources of energy,
particularly the fossil fuels, will get exhausted by the turn of this century.
It is, therefore, essential to identify the different energy resources, their
potential reserves, and sustainability.
All
the energy sources are divided into two groups- Renewable and Non- renewable
The
non renewable energy resources include all fossil fuels viz. coal, lignite,
crude oil as well as natural gas along with fossil fuel like substances viz.
coal bed methane, gas hydrates etc. Nuclear energy is the other important non
renewable energy source, which produces energy in the exothermic nuclear
reactions involving uranium, plutonium and thorium.
Renewable Energy:
Renewable
energy includes solar , wind, hydel, bio-mass and geothermal resources.
Solar
Energy: The maximum solar energy received on one sq
m of earth surface is 1.0 kW. So we have a huge source of such energy. This is
used directly as heat which is used to produce steam at high pressure and
temperature to drive an engine for producing electricity. The solar energy can
directly be used to produce electricity. When sun light falls on a solar cell,
voltage is generated, and this effect is known as photovoltaic effect. When the
photovoltaic panel is exposed to sun light a voltage is produced this is why it
is called photo voltaic panel. The electricity thus generated is stored in
battery, connected to the panel. Using such panel solar panel, solar energy can
be harvested well. One can install one’s
own solar panel for domestic consumption.
Hydroelectricity:
The production of electricity using flow energy of water in rivers, small
streams, water falls and dams is based on the basic scientific concept of
mechanical energy converted into electricity exploiting the Faradays law of
electromagnetic induction. Till now India
-----
Wind energy: Our
country is used to use wind energy from ancient times for domestic as well as
community purposes. At present, wind energy is directly used to produce
electricity. Total installed capacity of electricity generation from wind is
13,065 MW out of the estimated potential
which is more than 65000 MW. But, if sea based opportunities are
taken into consideration then it will be
much more (Sukhatme,2011).
Bio- energy :This
type of renewable energy is harnessed from biomass which includes agricultural
and municipal waste, animal excreta including night soil. This is used to
produce bio- fuel, bio-ethanol and bio-diesel.
Bio fuel: About 51% of solar energy
reached on the earth can be converted into bio-fuel energy by green plants.
Indian rural people mostly depends on wood fuel for cooking their food but
there is a great gap between demand and supply. India
Bio-ethanol: Bio-fuels are potential
alternatives to the liquid fossil fuels as they can directly be blended with
petrol / diesel. Bio-fuels are of two types : alcohols (ethanol and butanol)
and diesel substitutes (bio-diesel and hydro-treated vegetable oils). Ethanol
produced from starch and sugar has remarkable characteristics of having high
latent heat of vaporization, high octane number, rating; emission of toxic
compounds on combustion is also low as
compared to gasoline. Presently, approximately 1 million ton against a
potential of10 million ton is being
produced in India
The raw materials used for production of ethanol is Cellulose avaiable from wood, agricultural residue, waste sulphate
liquor from paper industries, municipal solid waste etc.
Bio diesel: Bio diesel is another type of liquid fuel which is
produced from non edible tree seed’s oil. By the process of
trans-esterification of these oils,
glycerin and bio diesel are produced. The potential of such resources in
India
Non-renewable Energy Resources:
The non-renewable energy resources include fossil
fuels viz. coal, lignite, crude oil as well as natural gas along with fossil
fuel-like substances like coal-bed methane, gas hydrates etc. Nuclear energy is
the other important non-renewable source which produces energy in exothermic
nuclear reactions involving uranium, plutonium and thorium.
Coal & lignite: India
When coal is burnt in the presence of oxygen,
carbon dioxide (CO2) is produced in an exothermic chemical reaction,
given below:
C +
O2 → CO2 + Energy (Heat) .
It has
been observed that burning of 1 kg coal
yields 6150 Wh ( 22.14 MJ) of heat energy.
Crude
oil and natural gas: In 2009-10 India
Besides
these energy resources, coal bed methane and gas hydrates are also considered
as most important source and coal-bed methane is the major component of natural
gas found in the coal mines. It may be mentioned as example while drilling well
water comes out first and then methane flows out of the well due to reduction
of pressure. There are abundant reserves
of gas hydrates in the deep sea
of Andamans
Nuclear Energy Sources:
Nuclear energy is the other important non renewable energy source, which
produces energy in the exothermic nuclear reactions involving uranium,
plutonium and thorium. This source is used to generate electricity and it is
produced through nuclear fission and fusion.
Fission
of 1gm of uranium (235) produces an energy of 22.8 X103 kWh. With
this energy one can run a 1 kw electrical heater nearly for 1000days. Further,
in nuclear fusion, deuterium is used,
which is abundantly available in sea
water. Several countries, including India, has initiated together a programme
called the International Energy Reactor for gaining experience of setting
a fusion based nuclear plant.
|
2.2.1.1.
Framework
The flow chart below depicts the framework for undertaking projects by
the children under the sub-theme, Energy Resources.
-------------
2.2.1.2. Model Project
Project –I. : Explore and identify energy resources in and
around you
STEP 1: A
group of children explores the sources of energy in a locality. They maintain
an observation sheet and interview people to know about the sources of their
day to day energy requirement. At this time they don’t do the classification
and only list down the sources, i.e. –
a. Sun
b. Biomass
(firewood, cowdung cake, charcoal, food & fodder etc.)
c. Wind
power
d. Animal
muscle power
e. Human
muscle power
f. Petroleum (Petrol, Diesel, Kerosene, Candle)
g. Coal
h. Water
flow
i. LPG
STEP 2: Now the children,
with help of local expert and books try to know the origin of the sources and
try to classify them into BIOTIC and ABIOTIC -
Biotic
|
Abiotic
|
a. Biomass
b. Animal
muscle power
c. Human
muscle power
|
a. Sun
b. Wind
c.
Petroleum*
(Petrol, Diesel, Kerosene, Candle)
d. Coal
e. Water
flow
f. LPG
|
*Petroleum
sources although originates from plants and animals, by the time they transform
to usable energy forms, they become abiotic.
STEP 3: Then Children try to
classify the sources as renewable and non-renewable
Renewable
|
Non-renewable
|
a. Sun
b. Biomass
c. Animal
muscle power
d. Human
muscle power
e. Wind
power
f. Water
flow
|
a.
Petroleum
(Petrol, Diesel, Kerosene, Candle)
b. Coal
c. LPG
|
STEP 4: Then Children explore
various usage of the different forms of energy found in the locality through
observation and interview of local people in the following format –
Sources
|
Current
usage (imaginary)
|
Possible
usage
|
a. Sun
|
a. Drying,
heating, lighting (small scale)
|
a. Cooking,
water heating, electricity generation, vehicle running. Large scale rural
electrification/ Solar power grids
|
b. Biomass
|
b. firewood,
charcoal, food & fodder etc.
|
b. Energy
cake, bio-electricty using biomass gasifier, bio diesel
|
c. Wind
|
c. Water
lifting
|
c. Electricity
generation
|
d. Animal
muscle power
|
d. Agriculture,
Transport
|
d.
|
e. Human
muscle power
|
e. Agriculture,
Transport, other physical work
|
e.
|
f. Petrol
|
f. Vehicle
running, electricity generation
|
f.
|
g. Diesel
|
g. Vehicle
running, electricity generation
|
g.
|
h. Kerosene
|
h. Household
lighting, cooking
|
h.
|
i. LPG
|
i. Cooking
|
i. Vehicle
running, industrial use,
|
j. Coal
|
j. Cooking
|
j. Thermal
power,
|
k. Water
flow
|
k. Not
used
|
k. Micro/
Pico-hydel
|
Step – 5. Experimentation for possible use/effective
–optimum use
·
|
Project – II. Nature of availability of solar and thermal
energy resources in a village
Although several sources of energy are available for exploitation
on earth (e.g., geothermal, nuclear decay), the most significant is solar
energy. Light and other radiation streaming out from the sun strikes the earth
93 million miles distant, providing energy to the atmosphere, the seas, and the
land, warming objects that absorb this energy; that is, radiant energy is
converted to heat energy (molecular motion). Differential heating causes winds
and currents in the air and water, the heat energy becoming kinetic
energy of motion. Warming results in evaporation of water into the
atmosphere, setting up the hydrologic cycle. The lifting of water into the
atmosphere becoming potential energy that will convert to
kinetic energy when the water begins to flow back downhill. So, solar energy
not only plays most significant role in determining the resource base of any
geographical situation, but also essentially
required for growth and survival of living organisms.
Further, considering
climate change scenario, the nature of availability of solar vis-à-vis thermal
energy at different time periods of any location is to be known for planning
living quality.
Objective: To study
nature and availability of solar and thermal energy resources in an area.
Materials
required: (i) A simple thermometer
(ii) A Sun-dial (to be made by the children)
(iii)
Arrangement for hanging thermometer
(a
wooden pole with hook)
(iv) Field note book
Methodology:
Step – 1. An open area in the dwelling
village of the children who will take up the project is to be identified;
keeping in view that the area should not be influenced by tree shade or any
other interference at any time of the day. A play ground will be the ideal
area.
Step – 2. The
pole and the sun-dial are to be placed at the centre of the area.
Step – 3.
Temperature readings to be recorded at (i) at ground level and (ii) 1.5 m
height at different time in a day ( preferably at 08, 12, and 16 hours).
Step-4. The
day length (preferably bright sun-shine hour) is to be recorded with sun-dial
from dawn to dusk.
·
The
should be recorded every day and to be continued for two months in the
following tabular form-
Table: Diurnal air temperature (oC)
Day
|
Date
|
At ground level
|
At 1.5 m
|
||||
8 hr (A)
|
12 hr (B)
|
16 hr (C)
|
8 hr (A)
|
12 hr (B)
|
16 hr (C)
|
||
Mean
|
|||||||
Table: Day-length/ Bright sunshine hour by
days
Day
|
Date
|
Day length, hr
|
Total radiation available*
|
Energy, Watt/d
|
Mean
|
Table:
Mean temperature at different day time and inversion layer
Day
|
Mean
Temperature (oC) at ground level
(A+B+C)/3
|
Mean
Temperature (oC) at 1.5 m height
(A+B+C)/3
|
Inversion
Layer*
(C – A)
|
Note: * A layer of air that is warmer than
the air below it is called an inversion layer
(Gordon et al.1980).
Such a layer traps the surface air in place and prevents
dispersion of any pollutants it contains.
Table: Cumulative temperature
Day
|
Date
|
Mean temperature
|
Cumulative temperature**
|
||
At ground level
|
At 1.5 m height
|
At ground level
|
At 1.5 m height
|
||
X1
|
y 1
|
x1
|
Y1
|
||
x2
|
y2
|
x1 + x2
= xa
|
y1 + y2
= ya
|
||
x3
|
y3
|
xa + x3
= xb
|
ya + y3
= yb
|
||
Total
|
|||||
Note: ** Cumulative
temperature, which gives total thermal energy for a given period is important
for selection of crop and adoption of cultivation practices
- The two month’s data can be converted to weekly
data and respective mean values to be calculated.
- Finally total amount of energy availability
from these two sources can be calculated both by weeks and months.
- The profile of energy from temperature can be
compared through graphical analysis,
- Variation at two different situations can also
be compared.
- The diurnal temperature can be correlated with
day length
- Cumulative temperature, which indicates
thermal energy availability at a given time for a place, can also be
compared by weeks and months.
This study can be taken up in any geographical situations.
Further, there may be two different projects on thermal and solar energy or
both can be considered together to study the interrelations of the two energy
resources.
Project
– III. Study on bio-resource potential
in a village
Biomass can
be understood as regenerative (renewable) organic material that can be used to
produce energy. These sources include aquatic or terrestrial vegetation,
residues from forestry or agriculture, animal waste and municipal waste. In
fact, it
is composed of organic matter found in flora throughout the world as well as
manure of some animals. The simple explanation is that the natural plants
collect energy from the sun. This is converted, through photosynthesis with the
other compounds, within the plants, making a source of solar energy. This
energy is displayed in the use of wood for home and industry use. With the
exception of manure, which is converted by the use of yeast, the materials are
burned to produce the energy. The use of municipal waste has been very effective
in the production of electricity, as well as gas using this theory.
For many years there has been much controversy over the disposal of animal waste such as manure. In large animal farm this can be a problem. It has now been found that this waste can be turned into methane gas by using anaerobic digestions plants. It is expected that biomass products will one day supply the entire world's energy in place of many of the forms now used. Thus, one can be assured that when the secret of really unleashing biomass power is revealed and applied it will greatly benefit the entire world. Hence, Estimating of resources from different bio-sources is required to be known as first hand information for planning and management for improving quality of life of rural mass.
For many years there has been much controversy over the disposal of animal waste such as manure. In large animal farm this can be a problem. It has now been found that this waste can be turned into methane gas by using anaerobic digestions plants. It is expected that biomass products will one day supply the entire world's energy in place of many of the forms now used. Thus, one can be assured that when the secret of really unleashing biomass power is revealed and applied it will greatly benefit the entire world. Hence, Estimating of resources from different bio-sources is required to be known as first hand information for planning and management for improving quality of life of rural mass.
Objective: To estimate different bio-resources in a village.
Materials required:
(i)
Village
map
(ii)
Questionnaire
(iii)
Basket
(preferably bamboo made)
(iv)
Rope
for hanging basket in the spring balance
(v)
Spring
balance
Methodology:
Step -1: A village where the participating children
dwell the need to be selected
Step – 2. Using questionnaire following information
is to be collected.
- Name of the village (with JL number)
- Area of the village (To be marked in the map)
- Number of household
- Number of people per household
- Number of labour force
- Amount of farm and/or kitchen waste
- Types and number of domesticated animals
Type of
animal
|
Number
|
Cow
|
|
Bullock
|
|
Sheep
|
|
Goat
|
|
Hen
|
|
Amount of animal dung/
excreta available/household/day
Step – 4. . If the
village is very large, children will have to undertake survey in some randomly
selected households of the village. The number of household should be more than
50. They will visit the cowshed and measure the amount of cow dung with the
help of basket and spring balance. This should be repeated for 3 – 5 days in
the sample households.
Step – 5. .
The amount of farm waste available per day
is also to be measured and estimated for yearly availability
Step – 6.. The
average amount of dung/excreta available in the sample household will be used
to calculate total amount of dung/excreta available in the village in a year.
The seasonal differences, where ever possible, can also be calculated.
Step – 7..
Finally total amount of excreta and waste are to be calculated for the village
as a whole.
Step – 8. The
whole bio- resources are to be converted in form of energy using conversion
factors.
Step – 9. .
The total labour force also to be converted in terms of energy multiplying by
the conversion factor
Table: Conversion factors
Particulars
|
Energy
conversion factor
|
Human
labour
|
0.1779
MJ/man-hr
|
Bullock
|
1.34 MJ
/ bullock
|
Cow dung
|
|
Farm
waste
|
80 – 200
kCal/kg
|
·
Children
will then compare yearly and/or seasonal availability of different resources in
that particular village.
Project
– III. . : Assessment of hydel energy (Water) in a flowing water body
Objective: To study the kinetic energy in a stream flow
Materials
required:
- Map of the area
- Colour pen
- Tracing paper
- A piece of small float
- A long string
- Bamboo poles
- A float (may be a piece of thermocol or cork)
- Stop watch
- Measuring tape
- Note book
Methodology:
Step – 1. A stream or an open channel in to be
identified
Step – 2. Map
should be traced in the tracing paper and the location of the stream flow/ open
channel is to be marked showing direction of flow,
Step – 3. the children will visit the place and
identify a segment of the channel.
Step – 4. The bamboo poles are to be put in two ends
of the segment.
Step – 5. They will then measure the length of the
flow in the channel.
Step – 6. Using bamboo poles depth of the flow is to
be measured.
Step – 7. The bamboo poles are also to be put just
opposite side of the channel in a line of the previously placed the poles (as
shown in the diagram).
Step – 8. The strings are to be tied across the
channel at both the ends.
Step -9. The float will be placed at the top of the
channel (marked A)
Step – 10. With
the stop watch the time of run of the float will be recorded.
Step – 11. Then the calculations will have to be
performed –
(i)
cross
sectional area of the channel, A sq. m
(ii)
depth
of the flow, h m
So, the volume of water in the
section, V = A* h m3
Since density of water is 1, so
V = M (mass), g
(iii)
Velocity,
P = L (length of the channel section)/ time , m/sec
Finally, Kinetic energy of the flow will be
calculated using the following equation
KE = ½ M* V2
[ A sketch on channel section to be drawn]
Note: This study can be undertaken before and after the
rainfall, thereby a comparative study on energy in flowing channel can be made.
2.2.1.3.
Suggestive project idea
i. Quantification
of heat generated in exothermic chemical reactions (such as burning of coal,
wood, charcoal, gas etc
ii. Identification
of estimation of components of the gas produced from cow dung, kitchen waste, human waste, tree leaves etc.
.
iii. To study potential wind velocity in an area.
.
iv. Estimation
of incidence of solar radiation
- Estimating biomass energy stock in a school
compound
- Measuring kinetic energy in a stream
- Comparative study on thermal energy
availability in open and closed spaces in urban area.
- Collection and recording of different plant
parts and seeds available for use as food and fuel.
- Estimating Growing Degree Days (GDD) using
time-scale recording of atmospheric temperature
- Measuring and correlating air and soil
temperature and thermal resources
2.2.2. Energy System
Energy is the
capacity or capability to do work. All materials possess energy, because they
can all be utilised in some form of energy conversion process. For example,
most substances will burn or vaporise, and the consequent heat energy can be
harnessed within mechanical energy systems that create motion against some form
of mechanical resistance. The many applications of the use of energy usually
involve transformations between different forms of energy - a process known as
energy conversion. Any conversion between different energy forms is imperfect
in that some of the energy has to be used to facilitate the conversion process.
The converted energy output is lower than the energy input and this feature is
usually described as the conversion efficiency.
Energy
is usually defined as the ability to do work or the capacity of any system to
perform work. Though this is an anthropocentric and utilitarian perspective of
energy, it is a useful definition for engineering where the aim of machines is
to convert energy to work. As a more general description, we would say that
energy is a fundamental entity whose availability and flow are required for all
phenomena, natural or artificial. An understanding of how energy is generated
and measured is central to our decisions concerning the use and conservation of
energy. Everything that happens in the world is the expression of flow of energy
from one form to another form.
By
the term energy systems, here refer the interrelated network of energy sources
and stores of energy, connected by conversion, transmission and distribution of
that energy to where it is needed.In
the energy systems, the energy converts from one form to another form and which
is useable forms of energy.
2.2.2.1.
Framework
The flow chart below depicts the framework for undertaking projects by
the children under the sub-theme of Energy System.
------
Projects
under the subtheme energy system can go at various spatial scales connected
functionally through the various energy transfer mechanism. This subtheme
represents/suggests is the study and projects that deal with the energy under transformation or the different aspects of
the system in which the conversion or transmission of energy is happening. During
this conversion, certain amount of energy lost to the environment, and which
cannot be converted to useable forms of energy. Hence, though energy
conservation law states, that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it
converts to un-useable forms, which cannot be used for our purposes. Energy flows at all scales, from the quantum
level to the biosphere and cosmos.
At
the children’s level we can more restrict to Natural systems such as physical,
chemical and biological processes and also the human centric process of
generation/harnessing of energy and its utilization systems. The energy systems are classified based on
the source or based on the processes.
Source based Energy Systems
· Renewable
Energy Systems (based on renewable energy sources like solar, wind, biomass
etc.)
· Non-Renewable
Energy Systems ( based on non-renewable energy sources like coal, oil etc)
-------
Figure
Energy flow (ABC) and harnessed energy flow (DEF) for renewable and finite
sources of energy
Renewable Energy Systems
Renewable
energy systems are based on the energy sources, which are obtained from the
continuing or repetitive currents of energy occurring in the natural
environment. Like Solar energy, wind energy or biomass energy base systems. The
following figure represents the natural energy current on earth. Here, we will
discuss a few renewable energy systems in details for better understanding.
Solar
Energy Systems
Solar
energy has the greatest potential of all the sources of renewable energy. Only
a small fraction of this form of energy could be sufficient for all energy
requirements of earth. The solar energy can be converted to heat energy and can
be converted to directly to electricity. In solar thermal energy systems, the
solar energy is converted to heat by using an absorber or reelecting surface
and then converted to heat the cold water or air or can cook food or can be
used for power generation. In case of solar photovoltaic systems, solar energy
falls on solar cell, which directly converts to Direct Current (DC)
electricity.
---------
Figure
Natural energy current on earth, showing renewable energy systems; Units
terawatts (1012 Watts)
Solar
Thermal Energy Systems
Solar Photovoltaic Energy Systems
------
Fig Schematic diagram of a
solar photovoltaic system
Application of Solar Photovoltaic system
w Stand alone systems
n Lighting (Solar Lantern, Solar home lighting system,
Solar Street light etc.)
n Water Pump, Health clinics
n Power for mobile towers (Telecommunications)
n Consumer Electronics (Calculator, watches)
w Off-grid systems
n Remote Village
w Grid-connected systems
n Direct Connection with the utility Grid
w Hybrid systems
n Coupled with DG Systems/ Wind Systems/ BG Systems
etc.
Wind Energy Conversion Systems
“Windmills
have fascinated us for centuries and will continue to do so. Like campfires or
falling water, they’re mesmerizing; indeed, entrancing.”
Since
early recorded history, people have been harnessing the energy of the wind.
Wind energy propelled boats along the Nile River Persia China China Western
Europe were of the horizontal-axis configuration. As early as
1390, the Dutch set out to refine the tower mill design, which had appeared
somewhat earlier along the Mediterranean Sea .
----
Wind
is the result of horizontal differences in air pressure. Air flows from areas
of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure. Differences in air pressure are caused by uneven heating of
the Earth's surface. Therefore, we can say that the sun (solar energy) is the
ultimate cause of wind.
Wind
energy conversion systems are classified into two ways- Horizontal axis wind
turbine and Vertical axis wind turbine. This classification is based on the
rotational axis. Most of the present application of wind energy systems and
horizontal axis wind turbine, as efficiency of these systems are high in
compare to vertical axis wind turbine.
The available power in the wind is depends on the
wind speed. The relation can be written in the following way
----
Where,
P is the available power, r
is the density of air (can be consider
as 1.12 kg/m3, however, this value will varies with temperature and
pressure of the place), A is called swept area and V is the wind speed. In the
following Figure, you will be able to understand the meaning of swept area. So,
now if we know the wind speed of a place and the swept area, we will be able to
calculate the power available from the wind. Wind speed is measured by the
instrument called Anemometer. Here, power output varies with cube of the wind
speed. So wind speed is the most important parameter in the above relation. Or,
a place with high wind speed, the power output will be also higher.
-------
Figure Wind Energy
Conversion System
--------
Figure Swept area of
blades in a wind energy conversion system
Hydro Energy Systems
It
is the largest source of renewable energy in the world accounting for 6% of
worldwide energy supply or about 15% of the world’s electricity. In India Fox River in Wisconsin (USA) in 1882. The history of hydropower
generation in India Darjeeling
in west Bengal .
A
hydropower resource can be measured according to the amount of available power,
or energy per unit time. The power of a given situation is a function of the
hydraulic head and rate of flow or discharge. When dealing with water in a
reservoir, the head is the height of the water level in the reservoir relative
to its height after it has left. Each unit of water therefore can produce a
quantity of work equal to its weight times the head. The amount of energy E
released by lowering an object of mass m by a height h in a
gravitational field is: E = mgh; where g is the acceleration
due to gravity. The energy available to hydroelectric dams is
the energy that can be liberated by lowering water in a controlled way. In
these situations, the power is related to the mass flow rate.
Where
Q is the rate of flow or discharge (m3/s) r is
the density of the water (kg/m3), g is the acceleration due to
gravity (m2/s), h is the head or height (m) and h
is the efficiency of the system. The power generated is represented by the
above equation can be simplified.
h
= Overall Efficiency (75% to 90%)
h
= Head, in meters (m)
Q
= Design flow, in cubic meters/sec (m3/s)
g
= acceleration of gravity, normally 9.81 m/s2
For
small-scale hydroelectric applications, if an Efficiency value of 80% is
assumed, the following equation can be:
P (kW) = 7.84 x H (m) x Q
(m3/s)
------ Figure
Pico Hydro power
------
Geothermal
Energy Sources base systems
Humans
have used geothermal energy systems for a variety of uses for long periods. The
Romans used geothermally heated water in their bathhouses for centuries. The
Romans also used the water to treat illnesses and heat homes. In Iceland and New Zealand Lardello , Italy
Geothermal
energy i.e. Heat from the Earth is a proven resource for direct heat and power generation.
Average geothermal heat flow at the
earth’s surface is only 0.06 W/m2, with a temperature gradient
<30o C (which is much low than other renewable energy intensity
on the earth’s surface). However at some location this temperature gradient is
more, indicating significant geothermal resource. The reasons for the
geothermal energy sources is based on
- Natural cooling and friction from
the core
- Radioactive decay of elements
- Chemical reactions inside the earth
surface
Geothermal Heat Source are classified into following
three sections
- Natural Hydrothermal circulation (Water percolates to deep aquifers to be heated to
dry steam, vapor/liquid mixture,
or hot water. Emissions of each type are observed in nature).
- Hot igneous systems (Heat associated form semi-molten magma that
solidifies lava).
- Dry rock fracturing (Poorly conducting dry rock, e.g. granite, stores heat over millions of years with a subsequent increase in temperature).
Power generating capacity of Indian geothermal
provinces
Indian has 400 medium to high
temperature geothermal springs, clustered in seven provinces. The most
promising provinces are:
- The
- Cambay
- Son-Narmada-Tapi
(SONATA)
- The
- Bakreswar
province
- The Barren island
Province
|
Surface
Temperature ( 0C )
|
Reservoir
Temperature (
0C )
|
Heat Flow
(mW/m2 )
|
Thermal gradient
(0C/km)
|
>90
|
260
|
468
|
100
|
|
Cambay
|
40-90
|
150-175
|
80-93
|
70
|
West coast
|
46-72
|
102-137
|
75-129
|
47-59
|
SONATA
|
60 - 95
|
105-217
|
120-290
|
60-90
|
50-60
|
175-215
|
93-104
|
60
|
Figure
Dry Steam Electrical Power Generation through geothermal energy source
------------
Biomass
energy based systems
A
wide variety of conversion technologies are available for converting biomass
based energy sources to high grade fuel.
Each biomass resources like wood, cow dung, vegetable waste can be
converted in many ways to provide a wide spectrum of useful products. Biomass
conversion can be done in various ways
·
Direct combustion (such as
firewood burned in traditional chulha etc)
·
Thermo chemical conversion
·
Biochemical conversion ( cow
dung, vegetable waste to high grade fuel in anaerobic digestion)
Direct
combustion
Biomass is burnt to provide heat for cooking, comfort
heat (space heat), crop drying, factory processes and raising steam for
electricity production and transport. Traditional use of biomass combustion
includes (a) cooking with firewood, and (b) commercial and industrial use for
heat and power. A significant proportion of the world’s population depends on
fuel wood or other biomass for cooking, heating and other domestic uses.
Average daily consumption of fuel is about 0.5–1 kg of dry biomass per person,
i.e. 10–20MJ/day ≈ 150W. The conventional method for cooking practice used
inefficient cooking methods, the most common of which is still an open fire.
This ‘device’ has a thermal efficiency of only about 5%. That is, only about 5%
of the heat that could be released by burning of the wood reaches the interior
of the cooking pot. The rest is lost by incomplete combustion of the wood, by
wind and light breezes carrying heat away from the fire, and by radiation
losses, etc. resulting from the mismatch of fire and pot size. Considerable
energy is also wasted in evaporation from uncovered pots and from wet fuel.
Smoke (i.e. unburnt carbon and tars) from a fire is evidence of incomplete
combustion.
--------------
Figure
Biofuel production process
Thermo
chemical conversion
This
process takes into two forms: gasification and liquefaction. Gasification takes
place by heating the biomass with limited oxygen to produce producer gas. The composition of producer gas is CO (20%),
CO2 (12%), H2 (20%), CH4 (2%) and N2 (46%). The calorific value of the producer
gas is in the range of 4-5 MJ/kg. This producer gas can be used for thermal
application by direct burning in a burner or can be used to produce electricity
by using a gas engine.
Biochemical
conversion
Biochemical
conversion takes places into two forms: Anaerobic digestion and fermentation.
Anaerobic digestion involves the microbial digestion of biomass. This process
takes place in bio-gas plants (commonly called Gobar gas plant) and produce
biogas. Biogas is a mixture containing 55-65% methane and 30-40 % CO2. And rest
being the impurities. This gas can be produce from the decomposition of animal,
plant and human wastes. The calorific value of this gas is in the order of
20-23 MJ/kg. This gas can be directly
used for cooking or lighting purpose. Even this gas can be used for power
generation by feeding into a engine.
Non-Renewable Energy Systems
Thermal based
energy systems
Process based Energy systems
Biological energy systems ( Living Organisms and
ecosystems)
Any living
organism relies on an external source of energy—radiation from the Sun in the
case of green plants; chemical energy in some form in the case of animals—to be
able to grow and reproduce. Energy from Sun which is stored by the plants in
its body parts passes through a series of consumers. The mechanism made to
facilitate this energy transfer is the basis of wonder what we call as life on
earth. The energy flow in each of the ecosystem depends up on the complexity of
the food chain and food web of the ecosystem.
---------------
Any
animal body including humans is a best example of energy system for study.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the immediately usable form of chemical energy
for muscular activity. It is stored in most cells, particularly in muscle
cells. Other forms of chemical energy, such as that available from the foods we
eat, must be transferred into ATP form before they can be utilized by the
muscle cells.Since energy is released when ATP is broken down, energy is
required to rebuild or resynthesize ATP. The building blocks of ATP synthesis
are the by-products of its breakdown; adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic
phosphate (Pi). The energy for ATP resynthesis comes from three different
series of chemical reactions that take place within the body. Two of the three
depend upon the food we eat, whereas the other depends upon a chemical compound
called phosphocreatine. The energy released from any of these three series of
reactions is coupled with the energy needs of the reaction that resynthesizes
ATP. The separate reactions are functionally linked together in such a way that
the energy released by the one is always used by the other.
Chemical energy systems (
battery, fuel cell)
Chemical
energy is the potential of a chemical substance to
undergo a transformation through a chemical reaction or, to transform other
chemical substances. Breaking or making of chemical bonds involves energy,
which may be either absorbed or evolved from a chemical system. Energy that can
be released (or absorbed) because of a reaction between a set of chemical
substances is equal to the difference between the energy content of the
products and the reactants.Batteries are assembled from cells, connected in
series, to increase the voltage available. In a cell chemical energy is
converted into electrical energy. Cells may be either PRIMARY or SECONDARY
types. A primary cell is discarded when its chemical energy is exhausted. A
secondary cell can be recharged. The most common primary cell is the
zinc/carbon (Leclanche) as used in torches, portable radios etc
Fuel
cells are classified primarily by the kind of electrolyte they employ. This
classification determines the kind of chemical reactions that take place in the
cell, the kind of catalysts required, the temperature range in which the cell
operates, the fuel required, and other factors. These characteristics, in turn,
affect the applications for which these cells are most suitable. There are
several types of fuel cells currently under development, each with its own
advantages, limitations, and potential applications.
Mechanical energy (fly
wheel, compressed air systems)
Mechanical energy is the sum of potential
energy and kinetic energy present in the components of a mechanical
system. It is the energy associated with the motion and position of an
object. Many modern devices, such as the electric
motor or the steam engine, are used today to convert mechanical
energy into other forms of energy, e.g. electrical
energy, or to convert other forms of energy, like heat, into mechanical
energy.
2.2.2.2.
Models Project
Project
– I. Evaluate the energy efficiency of
different choolahs in a village
Introduction
Choolahs
are the major energy system working in the in the villages for the preparation
food. Efficiency of choolah is directly affect the amount of firewood they have
to procure, time to be spend for cooking and for a pollution free environment
inside the house.
Objectives:
i.
.To identify the different types of choolahs in practice in the village.
ii.
. To study the differences in structure, location other details of its making.
iii.
. To evaluate the relative energy efficiency of these choolahs and to recommends
the best aspect
of design parts available in the
villages.
Methodology
- Children can visit all the houses
in the village and identify the different types of choolahs
- Note down the different structural
aspects of the choolahs with measurements.
- Draw a rough picture of each these
choolahs with pencil in the note book
- Classify the choolahs in to
different types.
- Analyse the changes of measurements
with in each type and between types.
- Identify one representative choolah
of each type.
- Cook a specific amount of food in
similar way with similar utensils and same fuel and record the time taken
for cooking and amount of fuel used.
- Analyse the result and identify the
best and efficient system and try to interpret the reasons for it.
Expected Outcome:
Understanding
of the village cooking energy system and its assessment
Developing
scientific awareness among the children and villagers on energetic of cooking.
Project II. Biomass
-----------------
Project
III
Comparison
of Food web of two different natural ecosystems in an area
Introduction:
Food chain and in turn food web represent the complexity
of energy transaction or other wise energy flow in the ecosystem. By careful
observation and recording children can identify various members of different
food chain operating in the area and later can be connect the food chains and
construct the functional food web.
Objectives:
i.
To identify the food chains
of two different natural ecosystems in the area
ii.
To construct the food web of
each of these area and study the difference.
iii.
To construct the approximate
energy flow diagrams applicable for the ecosystems under study.
Materials required:
Binoculars, Magnifying glasses, microscope, notebook,
pen/pencil etc
Methodology:
·
Identify the two different
ecosystems of similar special extent for study.
·
Mark the boundaries and make
a approximate manual map of the area depicting the changes of micro ecosystems
of the area.
·
Spend 10 hours per week for
a two months in each of the area and note down all observations of organisms.
·
Identify directly or by
taking photos, in the case of soil insects collect a few of them and identify
using the magnifying / microscope.
·
Record all the observation
of eating and being eater with details of time and date.
·
Construct the simple food
chains first later develop in to the working food web of the system.
·
It is estimated that only
less than 7 % of the solar energy is used in photosystheis at each trophic
level of energy transfer ther is similar loss of energy.
·
Construct an approximate
energy flow diagram and appropriate energy pyramid for the two ecosystems under
study.
·
Compare the energy flow
scenario between the ecosystems, interpret the result discuss the energy
transaction and its implications.
Expected Outcome:
Understanding and
appreciating the energy transactions in the natural ecosystems.
2.2.2.3. Suggestive project idea
i. Using
a solar module, calculate the maximum power output at different solar radiation
and also try to evaluate the power output at different inclination angle of the
solar module.
ii. Try
to make a concentrating type solar cooker and measure the temperature at the
focal point at different solar radiation throughout the day.
iii. Make
a box type solar cooker by using ply-board and cook your food. Note down the
time taken for cooking different kind of food items.
iv. Measure
the amount of gas output from different kinds of organic waste materials (cow
dung, vegetable waste, food waste, municipal solid waste etc.)
v. Evaluation/estimation
of human energy used for the human activities such as procuring water from the
well, bringing the fodder, ploughing of cattle and estimate the amount of other
conventional energy sources required to substitute them
vi. Evaluation/estimation
of energy supplied by cattle in the village ecosystem for the traction power,
cowdung as fuel etc and estimate the amount of other conventional energy
sources required to substitute them
vii. Study
fuel required to boil water/cook a certain food in different structured
utensils and identify the most energy efficient one
viii. Study
the components of energy systems supporting in maintaining a garden and
relative roles.
ix. Study
the relative role of different energy systems in development of a green
building.
x. Study
the energy systems involved in the road transport.
xi. Study
the relative energy systems that are in use in maintaining a boat.
xii. Comparison
of energy usagage and energy system contributions in food processing.
xiii. Compare
heating value of different biomass ( fire wood). Do this by noting the time
taking to boil certain fixed amount of water and the amount of biomass in that.
xiv. Try
to note down the different kinds of choolahs in the village (draw the details
and quantify the minor differences). Then check the performance of each type
and rank them on the basis of performance
xv. Write
down the different energy conversion systems in a village. This need to include
the energy source conversion devices, output work and kind of losses and try to
rank them based on the work performance.
xvi. Use
one solar module to charge the battery. During charging, note down the voltage and
time, see the pattern. Do similar activities during the discharge also and
connect with the batter different rating of LED lamps
xvii.Construct
a zero energy refrigeration system to keep vegetables
xviii.
Record and analyse the room
temperature inside the building with of different types of roofs.
xix. Charcoal
production potential of different types of biomass.
xx. Use
two GI sheets and try to make blades of a wind turbain. Now connect the system
with a motor. Measure the power output from the system at different velocity.
2.2.3.
Energy and Society:
The last century has seen exponential growth in
human population and transformation of ecosystem based communities in to
‘consumer’ communities. The index of development is GDP or consumption and
growth. Growth in every sector like agriculture,
industry, housing, transportation, health care, education, tourism,
entertainment, communication, etc. presupposes corresponding growth in energy
sector. This has put heavy pressure on the governance to pursue increase in
power generation capacity urgently. While developing large thermal and
hydro-power plants economic factors only considered, while social and
environmental factors are ignored. With the result global warming, unbalanced
development leading to social tensions, damage to health and eco-systems are
increasing a unpredictable levels.
It
is imperative to address these issues urgently by adopting a holistic view of
development. If the development process has to be sustainable, it is necessary
to increase the efficiency of energy utilities and processes, conserve energy
and develop renewable sources of energy. It is the change in lifestyle of
people and communities that is putting increased burden on the environment.
It
is the defining challenge of our times faced by the society to fulfil its needs
without compromising the ability of the future generations to do the same. For
this to happen the process of development has to be sustainable.
The
purpose of the projects in energy and society sector is to understand ways in
which the lifestyle change of people affects the quality of the environment and
ensure to that the process of development is sustainable, which is prerequisite
for good quality of life.
----------------------
2.2.3.1. Framework
Interrelated areas /dimensions
Concepts/Areas
|
Concerns/ prospects
|
Approach
|
Expectations
|
HOUSEHOLD LEVEL ENERGY
a. Cooking
fuel
b. Lighting
energy
c. Heating/
cooling
d. Water
lifting
|
·
Fossil fuel replacing traditional biomass
·
Wastage of energy in lighting, cooking,
water lifting, heating, cooling etc.
·
Loss of traditional practices of
cooling/heating/drying
·
Shift to an energy intensive lifestyle
|
·
Diverse biomass and efficient stoves or
cooking devices
·
Shift to CFL, LED, use of day light and
preventing wastage
·
Exploring traditional methods of cooling,
reducing need for refrigeration
·
Awareness about lifestyle issues
|
·
Making the cooking energy
renewable
·
Optimum use of energy at household level
and prevent wastage
·
Minimize energy use in heating/cooling
·
Motivation to make houses solar passive
·
Positive
and sustainable lifestyle
|
ENERGY AND LIVELIHOOD
A.
Agriculture
a. Ploughing
– Use of animal Vs. Tractor
b. Harvesting
– Use of hand grinder Vs. Rice mills
c. Post
harvesting
d. Use of
modern machinery for agricultural practices
B. Energy
and Enterprises
C. Availability
of energy resources and economy of the society
|
·
Fossil fuel run implements replacing the
human/animal muscle power
·
Joblessness due to replacement of human
power by machines
·
Entrepreneurial opportunity not being
trapped as yet
·
|
·
Promotion of low impact
livelihood options and practices
·
Creation of more jobs at local
level using appropriate technologies
·
Adopting sustainable practices
to increase productivity
·
Diversified livelihood to
reduced competition
|
·
Understanding about the role of
energy inputs in creating and diversifying livelihood
·
Improvement in the economic
status of the society by harnessing energy resources consciously and
sustainably
·
Reduced competition
|
ENERGY IN SERVICE AND HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY
A. Hotels
B. Tourism
|
·
Use of excessive energy and wastage for
lighting, water lifting, heating and cooling
·
Use of excessive energy and wastage for
transport
·
Water table depletion and pollution in the
neighbourhood
·
High investment hotels and tourism industry
depriving local community of
opportunities and livlihood
|
·
Promoting Energy efficient equipments
·
Promoting Effective mode of transport and
design of routes to minimise use of energy for transport
·
Promoting the Eco-tourism involving of
community
|
·
Replacement with energy efficient
equipments
·
Promotion of Locally managed, small scale
low impact (Sustainable) tourism
·
Conservative use of natural resources
|
ENERGY AND TRANSPORT SECTOR
a. Road
b. Water
ways
c. Air ways
d. Railways
e. Animal
muscle power
|
·
Fossil fuel replacing traditional modes of
transport
·
Poor public transport system
·
Social inequity due to lack of access
·
Impact on daily mobility of people
·
Widening of gaps due to personalized
transport and not meeting people
·
Poor transport facilities pose barrier for
producers, students etc.
|
·
Promotion of public transport
·
Promotion of eco-friendly and indigenous
modes of transport
·
Controlling and minimising the use of
energy resources in transport facilities by adopting responsible habits
|
·
More people use eco-friendly mode of
transport
·
More people use public transport
·
Appreciate the use of modern means of
transport in view of the economic growth
·
Reduction in energy resources in operating
various means of transport at their disposal
|
ENERGY AND DEVELOPMENT OF
INFRASTRUCTURE FOR THE SOCIETY (Roads, Buildings,
Community Halls, Schools, etc.)
A.
Energy and social development
B.
Street lighting
C.
Water supply system
D.
Education
E.
Health and Sanitation
F.
Impact of electrification
|
·
Wastage of energy in social institutions
·
Social vandalism due to absence of street
lights
·
Women walking long distance for carrying
water
·
Impact of lack of electric light, poor road
etc. on education
|
·
Promotion of Green building concept
·
Promoting solar for street lighting
·
Decentralised, no energy water supply
system (spot sources)
·
Promotion of micro-hydel
·
Promotion of common facilities like public
toilets, agriculture facilitation centre etc.
|
·
Understanding about the green building and
traditional housing patterns
·
Spot sources of water supply promoted
·
Micro-Hydel promoted
·
Common facilities like public toilets
promoted
·
|
TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND USE OF LOCAL RESOURCES FOR
ENERGY
A.
Practices of using local resources for
energy
B.
People’s awareness about the economic use
of the resources
C.
People’s awareness about the conservation
of the resources
|
·
Loss of traditional knowledge and practices
·
Modernisation of society by ignoring
the local knowledge of energy resources
|
·
Appreciation of traditional knowledge and
practices to harness local energy resources
·
Revival of traditional knowledge system
|
·
Adoption and adaptation of some traditional
use or conservation practice for energy, i.e. rain water harvesting
|
ENERGY AND LIVESTOCK
A. Fodder
B. Modern
methods of rearing livestock
|
·
Shift from biomass to enriched feed for
livestock
·
Introduction of energy intensive implements
for livestock rearing
·
Wastage of water due to introduction of
stall feeding and sedentary farming
·
Reduced employment scope due to advent of
energy intensive implements
|
·
Diverse biomass and adequate storage
·
Evaluating the modern methods of rearing
the livestock
·
Conserving native breeds of livestock
|
·
Enough biomass for fodder
·
Promotion of traditional breeds that are
less energy dependent
·
Enhancing peoples’ awareness about the
sustainable ways to rear the livestock
·
Adopting energy efficient models/methods
for rearing the livestock
|
ENERGY AND HEALTH CARE
a. Hospitals
b. Gyms
c. Day
to day physical exercise
|
·
Lack of health
care facilities due to lack of electricity /regular supply of electricity
·
Increased
physical un-fitness due to an energy intensive sedentary lifestyle
·
Use of heavy
energy dependant equipments in Gyms
|
·
Promotion of a
healthy lifestyle and exercise schedule
·
Decentralised and
sustainable sources of energy for healthcare
·
Minimising the
impact of energy systems on human health
|
·
A healthy and
productive society
|
2.2.3.2. Areas of
activities under the sub-theme:
- Gender-wise energy consumption pattern
- Change in the pattern of energy
consumption and impact on lifestyle and society
- Energy for basic needs and livelihood
- Availability of bio-resources and
efficient uses in the kitchen
- Energy implications of dietary habits
- Festival and change in pattern of energy
consumption – impacts on society
- Change in energy dynamics due to shift
in agricultural practices (crop, cattle, fertiliser use)
- Common facilities for reducing energy
input in various sector.
|
2.2.3.3. Model Projects
Project-I. Gender-wise energy consumption pattern
Introduction:
The
study helps to bring out gender wise energy consumption pattern with respect to
age groups, education, occupation, economic class and thus helps determine the
gender that consumes the most, and also find the gender that can control the
society in terms of conservation. This study in turn supports the energy
conservation efforts.
Objectives:
to
understand the gender wise consumption pattern and their influence in deciding
the energy consumption in a society and also to plot the area of their
influence in the society.
Methodology
Select
the area and fix few houses for study.
- Collect
information about gender and the age classes of the area from the village
records
- Classify
the gender according to the age
- Classify
the gender and age with respect to economy
- With
the help of questionnaire survey and village information sources, list the
occupation of the people into classes with respect to gender and express
them in percentages such as agriculture, factory, office, school and
house.
- Mode
of transportation: frequency of movement per month and extrapolate to per
year (this can be done by interviewing people)
- Record
the frequency of their electricity use by noting the time spent for
watching television, lighting (number of bulbs with respect to kitchen,
bed rooms, drawing room etc.), so that relative use of gender in each
room/area can be calculated – this is the example for a house.
- Compare
the relation between economic classes and the gender wise energy
expenditure
- Similarly,
compare the education and occupation also with gender wise energy
consumption
- Tabulate the results and compare the results and come to a conclusion and suggest alternatives for better management
Expected
Outcome
1. influence
of gender in determining and influencing the energy consumption
2. the
gender wise pattern of resource use in the area
Project
–II. Energy implications of food and diet
Importance
of the project
Food
is the energy source of all living beings. With the invention of fire and
especially after the social evolution, varieties of food habits arose. Food
preperation became more and more involved and complex with time .Nowadays the
food preparation activities have started consuming a lot of our energy and
time. From survival it has moved on to become a lifestyle statement. It will be
interesting to compare the calorific output of each food item and the energy necessary
to prepare it.
Objectives
To
assess the energy required to prepare quantities of different food items, which
will provide equal calorie of energy
Methodology
- Select
different food items of different food styles (Traditional Indian,
Traditional to your locality, modern food items, Chinese, etc.)
- Identify
the calorific value of each of the food items, by an expert consultation
if necessary
- Identify
the quantities of different types of food items required to provide a
particular calorie of energy
- List
out the processes and duration in the course of preparation of each food
item
- Calculate
the energy input in all the preparatory processes
- Estimate
the energy required for preparing each types of food required to produce
particular quantities of energy
- The
results can be bettered by graphs, box plots etc.
Social
relevance of the project
This
will help to identify the students to understand the energy costs of taste and
lifestyle. This will give a new outlook to the students about the real value of
food and their energy implications. Weightage could be given during evaluation
to the students who explore beyond the comparison.
Project – III. Energy spent to stay fit
Importance
of the project
Energy
is a valuable resource of mankind. The resources should be conserved and used
for constructive purposes. Due to the modern lifestyle lot many people are
regularly exercising in the health clubs ad gymnasiums to stay fit. Actually
all his exercises are for burning the extra calories of energy from the food
taken, in turn to avoid the cholesterol formation in the body. This can be
easily overcome by managing the qualities and quantities of food consumed,(
which is very important in case of country facing food security problems), and
by a physically active lifestyle. An assessment of the energy spent in health
clubs and gymnasiums, we will get an a idea about how much of the energy which
has to be used for the constructive purposes are being used to “stay fit”.
Objective
Quantify
the energy requirement to stay fit
Materials
required
Pen,
papers, etc.
Methodology
- Assess
the energy requirement in making a single step of exercise by one person
Eg. Lifting 3kg for 1m height =
- Identify
the total number of times exercises are being repeated by ‘n1’
number of people
- Get
the total number of people doing each exercise in the gymnasium
- Make
an average repetitions being done by all the members or each exercise
- Multiply
the energy requirement for each exercise with the average number of
repetitions
- Total
the energy spent on all the exercises
- Convert
it in terms of calories
- Calculate
how much quantities of different types of food required carrying out
individual exercises and total workouts.
Social
relevance of the project
The
students can invent better methods where the energy used to” stay fit “can be
diverted for the constructive and productive purposes. This will also highlight
the significance of a physically active and productive life styles of people in
the rural areas. During evaluation of the project ,weightage could be given to
the constructive ideas showing productive and healthy lifestyle which also
conserve energy resources.
Project – IV. Festivals and change in energy consumption
pattern– Impact on Society
Introduction:
Celebration
of festivals in different parts of country witnesses increased energy
interactions. This may be by way of cooking, transportation, lighting,
firecrackers, etc. Students may be encouraged to explore the ways in which the
celebration practices have changed over time and their impact on the health of
the community and eco-system.
Objectives:
1.
To study the change in the pattern of energy
uses in festivals
2.
To find out the amount of energy consumed by
a group of households during the festival days.
3.
To compare the energy consumption pattern in
the society during festival days and non-festival days.
4.
To compare the energy consumption pattern in
older days with the present.
5.
To suggest ways to reduce the excessive/
unwanted use of energy during festival celebrations
Methodology:
Sample:
For the study the students should select, randomly, a group of households in
their locality. A suggested sample size could be 25-40 households.
Tools:
Students should prepare the following types of tools under the guidance of
their teachers;
1.
Check Lists of devices used, during the
festivals, which consumes energy and the quantity of material/fuels etc.
procured and consumed during festival days.
2.
Interview Schedules to collect information
from the Heads of households about the practices that require energy for
celebrating festivals
3.
Collection and analysis of electricity bills for the festival
month(s) and non-festival month(s) to
find out the difference in the energy consumption, if any.
Techniques:
1. The students should visit the households
before the festival and after the festivals to collect data and information
about project, by administering the tool to the heads of households.
2. If
possible, they should collect the information from the field/sample by
observing the households on the occasion of the festivals.
Analysis
and Interpretation of the Data:
The
data/information so collected should be analysed in view of the objectives of
the study and it should be interpreted to arrive at conclusions.
Expected
outcome:
1.
Eco-friendly efforts/measures
taken up by the society while celebrating the festivals
2.
Awareness levels of public
about energy saving techniques particularly for celebrating festivals
3.
Examining people’s sensitivity
towards energy conservation while celebrating festivals
Project – V. Common transport facilities to minimize energy
inputs and its social impacts
Introduction:
Human
beings are mobile entities and movement from one place to the other is a basic
human requirement. We use energy to move from place to place. In olden days
before the advent of the modern transport means, people used to walk, cycle or
go by pull rickshaw or animal pull carts. The use of human and animal muscle
power was more common then.
Now
we have started using modern transport systems with which the form of energy
has changed and we have shifted to fossil fuels and electricity. A huge amount
of energy is consumed for the transport of human beings and goods. In absence
of a proper public transport system, people tend to use individual cars, motor
bikes, etc. The advent of the modern transport has made movement of human and
goods faster and easier and has boosted the growth of economy. But on the other
hand it is also bringing in a rich and poor divide. Having and using a car has
almost become a status symbol now-a-days. If there is no good public transport
facility, people who cannot afford a personal vehicle misses many
opportunities. Good public transport system can create opportunity for
economically weaker section of the society. If people of different economic
status, different caste and religion travel together in a public transport,
i.e. bus or train etc, it gives opportunity to the people to interact and
understand each other better. The idea
of this project is to see how a good public transport system can impact the
economic growth of a society, equity, social harmony apart from reducing energy
consumption.
Objectives:
The objective of this
project is to –
1.
See the change in means of transport in a
locality over a long period of time and the associated energy usage pattern
2.
See how the modernization of transport helped
in economic growth of an area
3.
Get people’s perception about equity and how
common transport can foster harmony in the society
Methodology:
1.
Select
an area for the study
2.
Develop a questionnaire and interview senior
citizens in the area about the change in transport system and how it has
impacted them
3.
Interview common people about their
perception of equity and their idea of travelling together
4.
If there is a school bus / car pool system in
any of the local school, interview some students who come by bus and who come
alone and find out their perception about ‘friendship’, ‘togetherness’ and
‘cooperation’
5.
Find out the fuel consumption of a bus and a
personal four wheeler / two wheeler. If 50 children travel together in a bus
calculate how much energy they are saving by not using individual vehicles.
Expected
outcome:
1.
Children will understand how muscle power has
been gradually taken over by the modern conventional energy forms
2.
Children will understand the impact of
improved transport on the local economy
3.
Children will understand the concept of
‘equity’ and value of ‘togetherness’
Extension/variation:
1. Similar
projects may be carried out for common facilities in a village/ locality like a
common agriculture facilitation centre where all implements are commonly bought
and shared or a common biogas plant or a public toilet etc.
2.2.3. 4. Suggestive project idea:
i.
Assessing
livestock value from energy perspective
ii.
Innovative
energy efficient stoves to utilise locally available bio-residues
iii.
Carbon
sequestration through community initiatives
iv.
Energy/byproduct
recovery in charcoal production process
v.
Comparison
of animal draught power with machines
vi.
An
investigation about the impact of energy availability on the change on lifestyle
of the people
vii.
Traditional
practice of backyard farming of the non-timber firewood species
viii.
Experimental
study on conscious reduction in energy use in the household
2.2.4. Energy and Environment
Energy is a basic necessity for survival and a
critical factor affecting economic development. The production and consumption
of energy places a wide range of pressures on the environment and on public
health. Energy-related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions remain dominant,
accounting for 80 % of the total emissions, with the largest emitting sector
being electricity and heat production, followed by transport.
The
impact of energy on environment can be dealt at five levels: Production,
Processing, Transmission, Consumption and Disposal. Energy production, let it
be hydel, thermal, nuclear, fossil fuel, biomass or non conventional, has some
impact on environment. Oil refineries pump a large quantity of GHS into the atmosphere. The high voltage
transmission line and petroleum transmission pipes cause some mishaps in the
environment. The greatest quantity of pollutants are emitted during the
consumption of energy and fuels. The consumption of energy in industry, health
care, cooking, agriculture, entertainment, housing, transportation,
communication and in domestic domains have direct or indirect far reaching
impact on life supporting systems like air, water, land and ecosystems like
forests, wetlands, rivers, water sources, and biodiversity at large.
Beginning
of agriculture and industrial revolution are considered as landmarks in human
civilization. During the progress of civilization the demand on energy also
increased. Energy consumption rate is considered an indicator of standard of
living and development index of a country.
Coal
was the source of energy to the early industries. The automobile explosion
paved way for the drilling of more fossil fuel, ultimately contributing to
global warming and climate change. Hydel energy is mainly at the expense of
forest and other natural ecosystems and the livelihood of ecosystem people. The
fly ashes from the coal based thermal power plants pollute air, land and water.
There are two main environmental concerns about nuclear power, both mostly with
regard to its potential impacts on human health. One involves the highly
radioactive products produced by nuclear fission inside power reactors. The
other is the disposal of nuclear waste.
Safe disposal of nuclear plants whose life span is expired is still a
question.
Renewable
energy technologies usually have less environmental impacts than fossil fuel,
although some concerns exist with respect to the environmental sustainability
of particular types of biofuels. About half of the world’s households use solid
fuels (biomass and coal) for cooking and heating in simple devices that produce
large amounts of air pollution that is probably responsible for 4–5 percent of
the global burden of diseases.
The
chief ecosystem impacts relate to charcoal production and fuel wood harvesting.
The negative impact of fuel collection on the local environment is also quite
well known.
In India
Diesel-fuelled
vehicles, which are more prominent in developing countries, pose a growing
challenge for urban health. At the global scale, energy systems account for
two-third increase in human-generated greenhouse gases. The pre-industrial
concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere was estimated to be 280 ppm
by volume. At present it has gone up to 392 ppm. More than 190 nations have signed and
approved the Kyoto Protocol which is aimed at achieving the goal of stabilisation
of green house gases concentration in the atmosphere at a level that would
prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference in the climatic system. Taking a
long-term perspective, it is also important to consider the potential impact of
climate change on energy production and consumption.
Thus
energy use is the human activity most closely linked to potential climate
change. In this context the question is how to develop sustainability and
maintain the quality of life for a growing population with higher standards of
living.
------2.2.4.1. Framework
|
2.2.4.2.
Model Project
Project –I.
Environmental impact of large Coal based Thermal Power Plants
Background:
The
large thermal plants exhaust a large quantity of fly ash to the surroundings.
This is found to be having impact on the ecosystem and human health in the
vicinity. Knowledge on the impact of such projects will help us plan better and
mitigate the problems.
Objective
·
Impact assessment of fly ash and other
pollutants on human health
·
To analyse the impact of pollutants to the
local ecosystems
·
To study the impact of pollutants at
different distance zones in the locality
Methodology:
- Back ground information on the power
plant
·
The year of installation
·
Capacity
·
How much fuel is used per day during the
operation
·
The approximate quantity of fly ash and other
pollutants generated per unit time while operation
·
How much water is used for the operation and
source of the water
·
The method of disposal of fly ash and
pollutants
- Collection of information on the impacts
on environment
- First a rough map of the area
with the power plant in the center and the human habitations and other
ecosystems in the surrounding area
- Two or three circles around the
power plant should be determined at various radii say, with in 1 km,
between 1 and 3 km, between 3 and 5 km.
- Collect direct information on
health problems if any by a standard survey method from the households
within the selected circle.
- Here the student will have to
probe from the elders incidents of lung, skin and other health problems
before and after the installation of the plant.
- The information thus collected
can be substantiated by studying the records in the nearby health centre
and hospitals.
- Interviews with doctors and other
health workers in the vicinity is to be conducted to assess the health
status of the people living at various distances from the plant.
- Surface and ground water quality
are to be assessed in terms of colour, solids, pH etc.
Outcome
- The student will be getting an
idea on the impact of large coal based power plants on environment and on
human health and the living systems.
- By taking samples at different
distances from the plant the distribution of the pollutants in the
environment and the impact at different zones can be assessed.
- This will help in understanding
the probable impacts of any such large installation in the populated
areas.
Project -II. The impact of deposition of suspended
particles on photosynthesis
Background:
The
suspended particles generated from the industries and big thermal power plants
get settled on the surface of leaves blocking the sunlight and stomata
openings. This will have an impact on the capacity of plants in fixing of solar
energy. Plants being the primary producers all the units in the food chain, the
whole ecosystem will be adversely affected.
Objective:
- To find out the impact of solid deposition on
foliages on the rate of photosynthesis
Methodology:
- Potted plants or plants in the garden or
in natural condition the vicinity can be used for experiment.
- The plants should be in the out
door in convenient places.
- The leaves of one group of plants
should be washed twice in the morning and in the afternoon.
- The other group of plants of the same
species are kept in similar condition. Leaves are left as such with the
natural dust deposits on them.
- The
photosynthetic ability of the plants may be assessed by Floating Leaf Disk
method as described by Brad Williamson as follows:
-------
[“The
Floating Leaf Disk Assay for Investigating Photosynthesis (Exploring Life
Community), http://www.elbiology.com/labtools/contact.html
(accessed, May 03, 2012).]
- The quantity of starch fixed in
both group of plants can also be compared periodically by appropriate
methods.
Outcome:
- The atmosphere in the vicinity of
large industries like power plants, cement factories and coal mines is
always polluted with suspended dust particles. The experiment will give
insight in to the impact of the dust deposited on the leaves on the rate
of photosynthesis.
- Less photosynthesis means less
fixing of carbon by the plants.
- We now speak about global warming
mainly because of the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere due to
various anthropogenic activities.
- On the land, plants are the
carbon sinks helping in mitigating the global warming. So less
photosynthesis can contribute more to global warming.
- The out come of the experiment
will help the students in understanding the importance of trees in fixing
atmospheric carbon and the role of forests as a carbon sink.
Project –III. The energetics of the
human driven cycle rickshaws
Back ground:
Even
in the metros in India
Objective
- To assess the energetics of the
human drawn cycle rickshaws
- To assess the contribution of certain
strata of people in mitigating the global warming
Methodology:
- To begin with it is better to
gather information on the number of cycle rickshaws operating in the
proposed area of work.
- In large towns and metros the students
can target a particular locality and later extrapolate the result for the
entire town.
- It is better to befriend with the
rickshaw peddlers/pullers and gather information on the average distance
they travel every day/ every week by a structured questionnaire method.
- The student can calculate the
quantity and cost of the fuel for riding similar distances in motorised
rickshaws.
- From the quantity of fuel that
would have been used for these travels in rickshaws using fuels, the
environment cost also can be calculated in terms of carbon dioxide and
other pollutants.
- Extrapolation of the result will
give an indication on the energetics of travel in the entire town or
metros and the contribution of the people driving the rickshaws.
Out come:
- The result generated by way of
this project will give the student an idea on the energetics of the
travels in motorised rickshaws/ vehicles and other vehicles.
- It is better to understand that the
people at the lower strata of the society contribute to the cause of
environment protection during their livelihood processes.
Project -IV. Use of bio-resources as fuel in the kitchen
and the impacts on health of women
Introduction:
Human
beings need tremendous amount of energy for their day to day life. One of the
main household energy requirements is the fuel for cooking. The cooking energy
depends to a large extent on the locally available bio-resources. Due to
inefficient device and choolhas the fuels are partially burnt and produce more
smoke and less energy. The women who are continually exposed to noxious gases
in the poorly ventilated kitchen suffer from various health problems. This
project highlights the importance of need of efficient choolahs and devices
that will safe guard the health of women.
Objective:
To
explore the traditional use of bio-resources as cooking fuel and the probable
impact on the health of women
Methods:
- Select a study site in the
vicinity
ii.
Questionnaire may be developed and survey can
be done to understand the cooking device used in the households and the health
problems suffered by the women.
iii.
The records in the local health centres and
hospitals may be verified for further information and the general trend in the
village. Additional information may be collected from the doctors in the local
hospitals.
iv.
Look for any correlation between the health
problems and the energy devices in the kitchen
v.
Suggestions may be made for minimising the
health hazards in the kitchen and the probable modifications in the devices.
Expected outcome
- Understanding
the correlation between the energy sources, efficiency of the devices in
the kitchen and the probable health hazards.
- Enabling the
children to suggest more energy efficient type of choolahs and saving of
fuel wood safe guarding the healthy environment in the households.
- Saving fuel by
way of efficient devices will safe guard the bio-resources in the
vicinity
2.2.4.3. Suggestive project idea
- Environment impact of power
plants -fly ash and the probable impact on biodiversity and human health
- Automobile pollution- impact on
human health- Sufficient samples can be drawn from Traffic police and auto
drivers in the urban areas who had at least 10 year exposure to urban
exhaust ridden environment. The pollution status can be assessed by some
simple methodologies. The medical record and health history of the
selected human samples can be looked into with their permission and
cooperation. Can be analysed for any possible correlation.
- Impact of hydel dams on the local
environment, ecosystem, biodiversity and local tribal community
- Environmental impact assessment
of a proposed hydel or any other power project on the local ecosystem and
communities
- Kitchen Smoke – In large majority
of houses in the rural
- Pollution of the aquatic bodies
by the water disposed off from the thermal plants
- Animals dead on the power lines:
many animals are electrocuted in the rural and urban areas. An analysis
can be made on such incidents and suggestions can be given to mitigate
such mishaps
- Insects congregating around
lights and probable impact on its population
- Congregation of insects around
lights and congregation of predators like geckos and probable impacts
- Impact of wind generators of
birds and other animals: Though a devise for non conventional energy there
are reports how with the blades of wind turbines are causing death of
birds, including the migrants.
- Impact of pollution from the coal
mining areas on the drinking and irrigation water
- Impact of sulphur and dust
accumulation on agriculture in the neighbourhood of mining areas.
- Energy consumption in the brick
industries- firewood utilisation and probable impacts
- Fire wood collection and probable
impact on forest and biodiversity
- Photosynthesis – in dust polluted
environment and dust free environment.
- Agriculture- energy utilisation
in different agriculture practices and its impacts
- Energy utilisation in different
irrigation practices and efficiency of the system
- Energy in land preparation,
harvesting, transportation and processing and cost benefit analysis and
probable alternate ways.
- Energy efficiency of food in
terms of energy consumption and energy yield
- Energetics of human driven
rickshaws
- Solid waste – probable impact on
environment while energy production. A lot of dioxin, sulphur dioxide,
carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and other toxic gases are released into
the atmosphere during the process. The students can suggest alternate ways
for the disposal of the wastes.
2.2.5. Energy Management and Conservation
Energy is the driver of growth. International studies on human development
indicate that India
Planning commission of India has estimated that India India India India
is 3 – 4 times higher than that in Japan
Energy Management
The fundamental goal
of energy management is to produce goods and provide services with the least
cost and least environmental effect.
Definition:
·
Energy management is
a process that not only manages the energy production from different energy
harvesting resources (solar, nuclear, fossil fuel) but also concerns optimal
utilization at the consumer devices.
·
“Another comprehensive definition is
“The
strategy of adjusting and optimizing energy, using systems and procedures so as
to reduce energy requirements per unit of output while holding constant or
reducing total costs of producing the output from these systems”
Objective:
The objective of
Energy Management is to achieve and maintain optimum energy procurement and
utilisation, throughout the organization and:
·
To minimise energy costs / waste without
affecting production & quality
·
To minimise environmental effects.
Energy
Conservation
Energy,
irrespective of its form is a scarce commodity and a most valuable resource.
However, if we look at the predicted future human pollution figures and
consider the probability that the individual life expectation will increase, we
see that energy could, in the future, be in short supply. Unless that supply is
increased it will be a source of friction in human affairs.
Energy Conservation is the deliberate practice or an attempt to
save electricity, fuel oil or gas or any other combustible material, to be able
to put to additional use for additional productivity without spending any
additional resources or money.
Objective:
Broadly
energy conservation program initiated at micro or macro level will have the
following objectives:
a)
To reduce imports of energy and reduce the drain on foreign exchange.
b)
To improve exports of manufactured goods (either lower process or increased
availability helping sales) or of energy, or both.
c)
To reduce environmental pollution per unit of industrial output - as carbon
dioxide, smoke, sulphurdioxide, dust, grit or as coal mine discard for example.
d)
Thus reducing the costs that pollution incurs either directly as damage, or as
needing, special measures to combat it once pollutants are produced.
e)
Generally to relieve shortage and improve development.
What is
Energy Conservation?
Energy
Conservation is achieved when growth of energy consumption is reduced, measured
in physical terms. Energy Conservation can, therefore, be the result of several
processes or developments, such as productivity increase or technological
progress.
Energy
conservation and Energy Efficiency are separate, but related concepts.
Energy
Efficiency:
Energy
Efficiency is achieved when energy intensity in a specific product, process or
area of production or consumption is reduced without effecting output,
Consumption or comfort levels. Promotion of energy efficiency will contribute
to energy conservation and is therefore an integral part of energy conservation
promotional policies.
For
example, replacing traditional light bulbs with Compact Fluorescent (CFL) Lamps
(which use only 1/4th of the energy to light a room). Pollution
levels also reduce to the same extent. Light Emitting Diode (LED) lamps are
also used for the same purpose.
Nature
sets some basic limits on how efficiently energy can be used, but in most cases
our products and manufacturing processes are still a long way from operating at
this theoretical limit. Very simply, energy efficiency means using less energy
to perform the same function.
Energy
Conservation Opportunities (ECOS)
Opportunities
to conserve energy are broadly classified into three categories:
(i)
Minor ECOs:
These are simple, easy to implement, and require less investment implementation time. These may correspond
to stopping of leakage points, avoiding careless waste, lapses in housekeeping
and maintenance etc.
(ii)
Medium ECOs:
These are more complex, and required additional investment and moderate
implementation time. For example, replacement of existing household appliances
by new energy efficient ones.
(iii)
Major ECOs:
These provide significant energy saving. They are hi-tech, complex
and demand major investment and long
implementation periods. For example, replacement/ major renovation of old buildings,
machineries etc.
Barriers
to Energy Conservation
While there is considerable scope for energy conservation in our country,
there also exist many barriers to it.
For example Psycho – social (people do not like to change: social taboos and
traditions), Economic ( replacement is often costly).
Energy
Audit
Energy Audit is the key aspect of energy conservation and management.
Definition:
Energy
Audit is defined as “The Verification, Monitoring and Analysis of use of energy
including submission of Technical Report containing recommendations for
improving energy efficiency with cost benefit, analysis and an action plan to
reduce energy consumption”.
(Bureau
of Energy Efficiency Guidelines)
- Energy Accounting
Energy accounting
simply means an orderly month by month record of energy used in an
establishment for comparison against a budget or another standard of
performance.
- Means to Achieve Conservation
Energy audit deals
with specific ways and means to achieve energy conservation.
- Systematic Approach To Decision Making
Energy Audit is the
key to systematic approach for decision – making; in the areas of energy
management. It attempts to balance the total energy inputs with its use and
serves to identify all the energy streams in a facility. It quantities energy
usage according to its discrete functions.
- Effective Tool for Energy Management
Energy Audit is an effective tool in defining
and pursuing comprehensive energy management programme. In this field also, the
basic functions of management like planning, decision – making, organizing and
controlling, apply equally as in any other management subject.
- Ways of Usage of Energy
Energy Audit will
help to understand more about the ways energy and fuel are used in any
establishment, and help in identifying the areas where waste can occur and
where scope for improvement exists.
- Construction and Stream Lining
The Energy Audit
would give a positive orientation to the energy cost reduction, preventive
maintenance and quality control programme which are vital for production and
utility activities.
- Ideas and Feasible Solution
In general, Energy
Audit is the translation of conservation ideas into realities, by blending
technically feasible solutions with economic and other organizational
considerations within a specified time frame.
In brief
energy audit is an in-depth study of a facility to determine how and where
energy is being used or converted from one form to another, to identify
opportunities to reduce energy usage, to evaluate the economics and technical practicability
of implementing these reductions and to formulate prioritized recommendations
for implementing measures to save energy.
Scope of
Energy Audit
1. Analyse
present consumption and past trends in detail.
2. Review
energy uses requirements
3. Consider
sub metering
4. Compare
standard consumption to actual
5. Produce
an energy balance diagram for the establishment
6. Review
existing energy recording systems.
7. Compare
consumption with other locations, other establishments, previous period and
budget, norms.
8. Check
records against invoices.
9. Compare
meter reading against records.
10. Review
records of maintenance.
11. Check
capacities and efficiencies of equipment.
12.
Examine need for automatic controls.
13. Check
working of controls.
14. Determine
adequacy of maintenance.
15.
Consider usurers training
16. Review new projects with respect to energy
use.
17.
Examine need for improved instruments.
18.Introduce
costing over the useful life period of an instrument/equipment/operation/
facility.
19.
Consider changing the management information system to include energy
parameters.
20.
Develop energy use indices to compare performance/ productivity.
21.
Introduce energy use monitoring procedures.
22. Check
frequency of energy reporting systems.
23. Examine
and monitor new energy saving techniques.
24.
Examine need for energy saving incentives.
25.
Consider publicity campaign and incentives.
The flow
chart below shows steps in a typical
energy audit project
----
|
2.2.5.1. Framework
2.2.5.2. Model Project
Project – I : Energy Audit of School Electricity Usage
Electricity is the major energy source
in school. It is used for light, fans, computer, water cooler and other office
appliances. The function of an energy audit is to explore and assess different
ways to affect energy consumption and identify numerous options for reducing
energy consumption.
Objective:
·
To ascertain and to assess the amount of
energy that is required in the school premises on day to day basis.
·
To recommend different measures of energy
conservation.
Methodology:
·
Survey the building premises for lights, fans
and other appliances.
·
Make a table listing the devices with their
actual energy ratings(wattage) and hours of use.
·
Study the electricity bill for last one year.
·
Estimate as per norms the desired rating and
hours of uses of different devices.
·
Study the actual and the desired consumption
and estimate the savings.
·
Suggest energy conserving opportunities
(ECOs)
·
Propose alternative devices for further
savings; estimate the savings and the total cost of replacement.
Outcome:
Concrete
recommendation to the school for energy saving.
Social Relevance:
·
Increasing students’ awareness about energy
conservation.
·
Possibility of replicating the exercise in
other spheres.
Project II : Understanding Green
Building
Green
building (also known as green construction or sustainable building) refers to a
structure that uses natural material for construction and utilizes natural
resources such as, light, wind, water for comfortable living without depending
much on conventional energy sources. Such building contributes a lot towards
conservation of conventional energy sources.
This
study helps to bring out the salient features of the concept of green building
with a hands on experiment.
Objective:
To understand the concept of green building with reference
to daylight, wind, temperature.
Methodology:
·
Choose a colony of identical quarters of same
type (say type A)
·
Identify houses of different orientations say
north-south, east-west etc.
·
Choose the building with of north-south
orientation as the green building.
·
Record temperature, humidity in rooms at
different times on the same day.
·
Repeat for rainy day, sunny day, cloudy day
·
Do the same exercise for different seasons.
·
Arrive at a conclusion for best orientation
·
Explain the same with respect to Sun Diagram
or principles of solar passive architecturer which will be provided to the
students.
Expected
outcome:
For
a particular locality the best orientation of house will be understood. This
may affect town-planning or residential colony planning using the green
concept.
Project: III : Role of Renewable
Energy in Disaster Management
During disaster situation, there may be large scale
disruption in the normal functioning of the vital services like
telecommunication, electricity etc. due to wide range of damage to important
infrastructure and facilities. Renewable energy (like solar energy) based devices may play vital role in
immediate restoration of these vital services in disaster affected areas.
Objective:
To study the scope of using renewable energy in disaster
management.
Methodology:
·
Select a natural hazard prone area.
·
Assess the probable threats and damage
potential in the locality.
·
Collect data of households, important
resources and vital services in the locality.
·
Estimate the total energy required for
maintaining day to day activities and operating vital services.
·
Explore the conventional energy sources in
place to meet the energy requirements.
·
Explore the alternative arrangements in
place, based on renewable energy, for emergency management.
·
Check the utility and efficiency of
alternative renewable energy based systems in place.
·
Determine further needs of alternative energy
sources / devices.
·
Suggest probable solutions to meet the
requirements.
Expected outcome:
Such a study will help the vulnerable
community to understand their disaster risk and respond accordingly to make
alternative arrangements for emergency management based on renewable energy
sources.
2.2.5.3. Suggestive Project Idea
i.
School Water Audit
ii.
Audit of School Food Services
iii. Recycling
at School
iv. Recycling
at Home
v. Energy
Audit at Home
vi. Energy
Audit at a Hospital
vii. Energy
Conservation in a Village household
viii. Energy
accounting for a solar green house
ix. Energy
accounting of a brick kiln
x. Energy
accounting of flour mill
xi. Energy
accounting at the works of a potter/blacksmith
xii. Energy
audit of a restaurant
xiii. Energy
Audit of a shopping complex
xiv. Energy
audit of a garment factory
xv. Energy
saving opportunities in a power loom
xvi. Energy
Audit in a small scale village industry
xvii. Effectiveness
of solar passive measures
xviii.
Comparison of energy utilisation of different
crops
xix. Energy
accounting of a specific crop from tillage to harvesting.
2.2.6.
Energy Planning and Modeling
Planning is a process for
accomplishing purposes. It is a blue print of growth and a road map of
development. It helps in deciding objectives both in quantitative and
qualitative terms. It is setting of goals on the basis of objectives and
keeping in the resources. A plan can play a vital role in helping to avoid
mistakes or recognize hidden opportunities. Planning helps in forecasting the
future, makes the future visible to some extent. It bridges between where we
are and where we want to go. Planning is looking ahead.
Forecasting is the process of
making statements about events whose actual outcomes (typically) have not yet
been observed. A commonplace example might be estimation
for some variable of interest at some specified future date. Prediction
is a similar, but more general term. Both might refer to formal statistical
methods employing time series, cross-sectional or longitudinal data, or alternatively to less
formal judgemental methods. In any case, the data must be up to date in order
for the forecast to be as accurate as possible. Forecasting can be described as predicting what the future will
look like, whereas planning predicts what the future should look like.
Scientific
modelling is the process of generating abstract, conceptual,
graphical
or mathematical models. Science offers a growing
collection of methods, techniques and theory about all
kinds of specialized scientific modelling. Modelling is an essential and
inseparable part of all scientific activity, and many scientific disciplines
have their own ideas about specific types of modelling. There is an increasing
attention for scientific modelling in fields such as of philosophy of science, systems
theory, and knowledge visualization. Traditionally, the
formal modelling of systems has been via a mathematical model, which attempts to find
analytical solutions enabling the prediction of the behaviour of the system
from a set of parameters and initial conditions.
One application of
scientific modelling is the field of "Modelling and Simulation",
which has a spectrum of applications which range from concept development and
analysis, through experimentation, measurement and verification, to disposal
analysis. Projects and programs may use hundreds of different simulations,
simulators and model analysis tools.
A simulation brings a model
to life and shows how a particular object or phenomenon will behave. Such a
simulation can be useful for testing, analysis or training in those cases where
real-world systems or concepts can be represented by models.
Energy
planning and modelling:
Economic
growth of a country is strongly dependent on the availability and access to
energy. More than half the population of India
----
According
to planning commission of India, the country
needs to increase its primary energy supply by 3 to 4 times, and
electricity generation capacity by 5 to 6 times, if it is to meet the energy
needs of all its citizens by 2032 and maintain an 8 percent GDP growth rate.
Despite a continuous increase in total installed capacity, the gap between
supply and demand continues to increase. The underlying reason for such a
demand is a growing population, urbanisation, industrial production, and
income.
As
far as India India
For
India
The need and relevance of energy
forecasting is hence obvious. .Various new tools and methods for forecasting
have been developed. In the past, straight-line extrapolations of historical
energy consumption trends served well. However, with the onset of inflation and
rapidly rising energy prices, emergence of alternative fuels and technologies
(in energy supply and end-use), changes in lifestyles, institutional changes
etc, it has become imperative to use modelling techniques which capture the
effect of factors such as prices, income, population, technology and other
economic, demographic, policy and technological variables. The ethical pressure
to use more of renewable and green energy has further complicated the
prediction process. There is an urgent need for precision in the demand
forecasts. In the past, the world over, an underestimate was usually attended
to by setting up turbine generator plants fired by cheap oil or gas, since they
could be set up in a short period of time with relatively small investment. On
the other hand, overestimate was corrected by demand growth. Short-term demand forecasting
also plays a role in the process of regulation. A precise estimate of demand is
important for the purpose of setting tariffs. A detailed consumer category-wise
consumption forecast helps in the determination of a just and reasonable tariff
structure wherein no consumer pays less than the cost incurred by the utility
for supplying the power.
-------
--------
2.2.6.1.
Framework}
------
2.2.6.2.
Model Project
Project -I. :
Micro-level energy planning and modelling – start from your school
At micro-level, which comprise of your home, classroom, school,
village or the likes, you can take up projects on energy planning and
modelling. But before venturing into this let us understand the reason for
undertaking it. Applications of energy are varied and for same application,
different energies can be utilized, thus at the first step we need to
understand energy services. Say for example, if drying clothes is an objective,
it can be achieved by electricity (dryer in washing machine) or sunlight
(spreading under the sun). So we need to identify the application and options
available for energy services. In short, planning is nothing but matching the
need with sources available for optimization.
An exercise to be carried out at your school
- Identify any one key area which you intend to plan
for, let us say, fuel consumption.
- We know that students reach school either walking,
cycling, by school bus, public transport or their own vehicles. Now fuel
is being consumed while you and / or your friends are being dropped and /
or picked up from the school. Since vehicles are not only guzzlers of fuel
but also loads the environment with pollution, which necessitates planning
for optimal utilization of energy resources, and this can be done in the
following way;
- To begin with you need to collect some basic
information like;
a)
Number of students in your class
/ school
b)
Number of students coming to
school by different modes (i) walking, (ii) cycling, (iii) two wheeler, (iv)
four wheeler, (v) shared vehicle, (vi) school bus, (vii) public transport, or
(viii) others
c)
For two and four wheelers used,
how much is the mileage given by the vehicle (km/litre) and how many trips are
made by the vehicle (it would be 4 if dropped and picked up by someone and 2 if
vehicles are self-driven
d)
Also gather information about the
distance of their residence from the school
e)
Depict the data graphically and
analyse.
- Analysis of data would include fuel consumption by
two and four wheelers used on daily basis. This would provide you with an
idea about level to which fuel can be conserved. In addition, how much
level of air and sound pollution (carbon dioxide load and decibel levels)
is added to the environment.
- Next step is to identify options available, say for
example switching to walking, cycling, school bus or public transport or
any other idea that you have (like car pool, motorized bicycle)
Continuing
with the same idea let us further expand and find out how energy modelling can
be done?
We
have understood that the present trend is to use vehicles including
self-driven, which speaks of the pattern for future. Presuming that in times to
come everyone would be driving motorized vehicles (e.g., motorized bicycle) to
reach school let us develop a model for the same.
Issues
related to such vehicles are needed to be identified; charging of batteries of
these vehicles being the most important of the all. Can we tap solar energy for
this purpose? If yes, where can we install the charging units, at home or at
school? How many hours we are at school, and can that period be utilized for
charging the vehicles?, If yes, then where and how many solar panels are to be
installed, how much charging is required for one vehicle, presuming 10% of the
students switch over to such vehicles, what would be total requirement in your
school? Go on working with open ended questions and at the end you would come
up with certain model which would indeed be a cost-effective and eco-friendly
solution to the problem you had identified at the beginning.
Project
II.: Planning for energy-efficient buildings
At present the buildings are using a lot of energy,
even in the day when sun is there the buildings are designed in such a way that
we need to switch on the lights and this results in wastage of energy. The
buildings also require a lot of cooling for comfort. If the buildings are
designed for north south orientation, glare free daylight and with appropriate
shading devices this would reduce a lot of energy requirement in the buildings.
If the predominant wind direction is also taken into account while planning for
buildings then this would reduce a lot of cooling requirement in the buildings.
If the building walls are properly insulated this would reduce a lot of cooling
requirements in the buildings.
Each
and every building should be a hub of innovation and energy efficient
practices. The building should be
aesthetically designed with several features of passive solar design,
energy-efficiency and water and waste management systems. Following is the
detailed outline of the different energy conservation measures that should be
taken at any building
- Passive solar
design
- Glare-free
daylight
- North South
orientation
- Minimum windows
on East West and South facades
- Shading devices
on
The
predominant wind direction should be taken into account in designing the open
space.
Energy-efficient lighting and daylight integration
- Recess mounting
luminaire fitted with CFL for task lighting.
- Surface mounted
single/twin horizontal mounting CFL downlighter for task lighting and
common areas.
- High lumen output
and controlled light distribution
- Fitted with
mirror optics reflectors and batwing louvers for glare-free uniform
illumination
- Energy saving
electronic ballast should be used
- Lighting load
reduced can be reduced from 2 W/sqft to 1 W/sqft
- Where daylight is
available, fixtures fitted with continuous dimming electronic ballast
These fixtures controlled by light sensors
- In areas with
non-uniform illumination, occupancy sensors should be installed
- Overall
energy-saving potential is 70%
Thermal Insulation of Walls
Use
of efficient double glazing window units helps significantly reduce the heat
gained through window glazing in the summers and the heat lost in the winters
without compromising on the day lighting integration and the levels of visual
comfort. The walls that are exposed to the harsh solar rays have a stone
cladding which is fixed to the wall by channels. The air gap between the wall
and the stone cladding by itself acts as an insulation layer. On the facades
rock wool insulation is also provided in the wall. Energy efficiency is further
proposed to be enhanced by insulation in the roof slab
The
Campus should be equipped with three types of cooling systems;
The variable refrigerant system Volume (VRS) system.
This
modern type of Air conditioning system which is similar to a split AC is highly
efficient under partial loading conditions and beneficial to areas with varying
occupancy. It allows customized control of individual zones, eliminating the
use of chilled water piping, ducting and piping room.
Earth Air Tunnel (EAT)
The
EAT can be used in rooms uses the heat sink property of the earth to maintain
comfortable temperatures inside the building. The air that passes through the
buried pipes gets cooled in summer and heated in winter. Depending upon the severity
of the climate, supplementary system can be used. This gives energy saving of
approximately 50% as compare to conventional system.
Thermal mass Storage
Thermal
mass storage involves storing energy when available and using when required.
Here cooling of thermal mass is done during night. This cool thermal mass is
used to cool air in day time. This system gives an energy saving of almost
40%.
Water Management
- Buildings in the
campus should be provided with low-flow fixtures such as dual flush
toilets and sensor taps
- This would
result in 25% savings in water use
Waste Water management
- Treatment of
waste water generated from the by biological process using a combination
of micro-organisms and bio-media filter
- Low area
requirement for this treatment plant
- Treated water
meets the prescribed standards for landscape irrigation
- Very low energy
consumption for operation of the treatment plant
Rain Water harvesting
- Rainwater
run-off from roof and the site will be used for recharge of aquifer
through
- Enhance the
sustainable yield in areas where over-development has depleted the aquifer
- Conservation and
storage of excess surface water for future requirements
- Improve the
quality of existing groundwater through dilution
Project-III.
: Modelling grey water recycling in a colony
Factors
such as growing population, decreasing quality of water resulting from
pollution, and augmenting requirement of expanding industries and agriculture
all lead to increasing demand for drinking water. It is estimated that one
third of the world’s population will suffer from chronic water shortage by the
year 2025. India
Under
these circumstances one needs to plan for optimizing the utilization of the
precious commodity - water. There are several ways by which we can plan for the
conservation of this nature’s gift and one of which is recycling. Again,
recycling could be achieved through various means and one of which is recycling
of grey water. Grey water, the water drained out from our bathrooms and
kitchen, is being wasted in enormous amounts every day, by each household.
Before
you plan to design a model for grey water recycling in your locality or colony,
you need to collect some basic information, including;
1.
No. of houses
2.
No. of households
3.
Amount of water consumed per
day (from monthly water bill of individual house or entire building as the case
may be)
4.
No. of vehicles of the
residents
5.
Amount of water used for
washing the vehicles and frequency (daily, alternate days, weekly)
6.
Presence of garden in the
colony or locality
7.
Duration and frequency for
which the park is watered
8.
Amount of water used up in
watering the garden
Based
on this information and with the help of certain standards available, calculate
amount of water being drained out as grey water from bathrooms and kitchen in
the colony. Now add the amount of water being used up by washing of vehicles
and watering the garden area. Can you make a plan for your colony or locality
on these facts and figures, wherein grey water if recycled can be used for washing
of vehicles, watering of the garden, and in addition, provided for flushing
purpose to the toilets in every house.
Projection
for optimal utilization and conservation of water would not only cheer you up
but also ensure the smile on the faces of future generation.
Project
IV. : Assessing present energy usage and projection for future requirement
Now
let us consider your village or locality, wherein we would explore usage of
energy and based on which we would try to project future requirements. To begin
with, we would find out and collect following information on different
applications and types of energy used;
1.
Total energy used for
cooking
a) No.
of LPG cylinders required for a month
b) Total
weight of fuel woods required
c) Other
sources used like electricity for heating (total wattage /1000 * number of
hours used per day), kerosene, charcoal etc.
2.
Total energy used for other
types of heating
3.
Total energy required for
lighting like electricity, kerosene or other types of lamps used
4.
Total fuel consumed for
travelling including daily usage like going to school/office etc. and
occasional travelling
5.
Total energy used for
agriculture, may be in the homestead for watering, ploughing and also the
man-days used.
6.
Total energy used for
entertainment like TV, music systems etc. or AC.
After
summing the energy used for different purposes, divide the total by the number
of members of each of the sample household of each group. The average of the
total energy utilized for each group would give us the per capita energy
requirement.
Based
on the trend of rise in population, the data for which can be obtained from the
census information or competent authorities, of previous three decades, we can
project the future population of the locality. This would give us the total
energy requirement for an area. Likewise, we can also assess the energy
requirement for different applications; like cooking, lighting, agriculture,
etc.
2.2.6.3. Suggestive Project Idea
Assessing the energy (solar, wind and
biomass) generation potential of any particular society or village
Economic projections for energy generation
from local energy resources
Model for optimization of energy usage
Planning for low energy buildings
Energy
planning for transport sector
Modeling of windows for optimal utilization
of energy
Modeling of home/office interiors for
efficient power consumption
i.
Modeling of energy efficient cooking systems
References:
I.
Hermann-Josef Wagner, Jotirmay
Mathur. 2011. Introduction to Hydro Energy Systems: Basics. Technology and
Operation. Springe. P.43
Sukhatme, S.P. 2011.Energy
alternatives for meeting India
Gordon AJ, Ryle GJA,
Webb G (1980) The relationship between sucrose and starch during "dark"
export from leaves of uniculm barley. J Exp Bot 31: 845-850
II.
III.
REFERENCES:
1.
Planet
Earth- Activity Guide : our home, explore, share, and care. 16th
NCSC 2008, prepared and published by NCSTC Network, New Delhi
LIST OF FURTHER READING
1.
Environmental
Education Handbook (Standard VI-VIII) : Teachers’ Resource: Centre for
Environment Education, Ahmedabad
V.
1. Publications of BEE, Government of India
2. Report of Planning Commission, 2011
3. Renewable
Energy Resources, G. N. Tiwary, Narosa Pbulishing House, 2005.
4. Annual Report, Ministry of New and Renewable
Sources, GoI, 2008.
5. www.cea.nic.in
VI
REFERENCES:
REFERENCES:
Kesten C. Greene and J. Scott Armstrong
(2015.pdf "Structured analogies for forecasting") http://qbox.wharton.upenn.edu/documents/mktg/research/INTFOR3581%20%20Publicatio%
LIST OF FURTHER READING
D. Logan, C. Neil, and A. Taylor, Modelling
Renewable Energy Resources in Integrated Resource Planning, RCG/Hagler, Bailly, Inc. Boulder , Colorado
Leo Schrattenholzer, Energy
Planning Methodologies and Tools, Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems
(EOLSS), EOLSS Publishers, Oxford, UK. International Institute for Applied
Systems Analysis • Schlossplatz 1 • A-2361 Laxenburg • Austria
Some important information
Equivalents
for Direct and indirect Sources of Energy on basis of out put power
(A) Direct sources
1.Human
Labour : O.1779
mj/man hr
2.pair of
Bullock : 2.6856
MJ/man hr
3.
Tractor :Specific fuel consumption of the
power source is to be used
(B)
Indirect Sources
1.
Fertilizer
a)
Niterogenous : 60 MJ/kg of N
b)
Phosphorus
Penta oxide :14.0MJ/ kg
c)
Potassium
Oxide : 6.0MJ/kg
3.
Seeds
a)
Cotton seed : 20.92MJ/kg
b)
Cotton Lint : 16.78
MJ/kg
c)
Maize : 14.66 MJ/kg
d)
Sorghum : 13.81 MJ/kg
e)
Wheat : 13.81 MJ/kg
f)
Ragi : 13.30 MJ/kg
g)
Paddy : 15.20 MJ/kg
h)
Okra (Seed) : 20.92
MJ/kg
i)
Groundnut : 16.33
MJ/kg
j)
Potato : 2.34 MJ/kg
k)
Sugarcane : 6.98
MJ/kg
(harvested mass)
l)
Soyabean : 16.67
MJ/kg
Calories
of common food items (RAW)
Cereals Energy Kcal./gm
Rice
3.47 Animal foods(Kcal/gm)
Wheat
flour 3.44 Milk(buffalo) 1.17
Millet
flour 3.33 Milk(cow) 0.67
Egg(hen) 1.67
Pulses Mutton 1.94
Bangal
gram dhal 3.73 Fish(lean) 1.0
Other
dhals 3.41 Fish(fatty) 1.5
Egg(whole) 86.0
Whole pulses
Green
gram 3.36
Cowpea(lobia) 3.26
Rajmah 3.46
Soyabean 4.07
Green
vegetables 0.62
Others
vegetables 0.26
Roots and
tubers 1.05
Nuts and
oilseeds
Almonds 5.67
Cashewnut 6.33
Coconut(fresh) 4.43
Coconut(dry) 6.44
Ground
nuts 5.66
Sesame
seeds 5.0
Spices
Chillie
powder 2.42
Coriander
seeds 2.86
Cumin
seeds 3.6
Fenugreek 3.3
Mustard
seeds 0.5
Garlic 1.3
Onion 0.6
Reference:
Gopalan, et al., 1989; Ghafoorunissa, 1989a; Pasricha, 1989.
Calories cost of varies
activities for 60Kg. Person
Activity
Energy Expenditur(BMR)
(Basal Metabolic Rate 1Kcal/min)
Sleeping,Resting,Relaxing in bed 1.0
Sitting(watching
TV),EATING,Listening,writing,reading,talking 1.5
Standing,washing face,brushin
teeth,toileting,shaving combing
2.3
Cooking,feeding/dressing in
child,Knitting,sitting(office work)
Watering plants,social
walking(4km/hr),driving,dressing,bathing
2.8
Marketing,sewing(machines),dusting,feeding pets
Sweeping,window washing,washing vessels,bathing
children, 3.3
Mopping,washing clothes other house chores
Baseball, golf,volleyball,cycling,table tennis,brisk
walking, 4.8
Weight(bucket full load)walking upstairs,gardening
Mining,carpenting,house building,woodcutting
plumbing,walkin 5.6
Upstairs(with load),grass cutting,harvesting
Dancing,gymnastics,swimming,horse
riding,digging 6.0
Tournament,tree
cutting,jogging,running,skipping,hiking, 7.8
Mountain climbing
Usefull post! very nice design you show, This blog is very helpfull for me or public. I hope to see more quality design you show in next blog.keep writing up.
பதிலளிநீக்குCheck here
Visit here
Additional info